AMT - Caught in the middle
AMT, or Alternative Minimum Tax, was set to snag 23.4 million Americans in 2007, except for a last minute bill that passed Congress just last week. And now, because of Congress's "eleventh-hour" vote for this one year freeze, at least 13.3 million refunds worth about $39 billion dollars will be delayed as the IRS scrambles to fix its forms, delaying the mid-January normal start of tax season to an estimated February 4 date instead (source).
Whoa! Back up there. What is this AMT anyway and how does it affect me? The AMT was introduced into law by the Tax Reform Act of 1969 and became effective in 1970 (source). It's intent was to prevent the rich from using special tax benefits to pay little or no tax by putting into place what is effectively a separate tax system. In theory these rules determine minimum amount of tax that you should be required to pay. If you're already paying at least that much because of the "regular" income tax, you don't have to pay AMT. But if your regular tax falls below this minimum, you have to make up the difference by paying alternative minimum tax (source).
So what went wrong? In a word, inflation. The "regular" tax brackets, exemptions, and standard deductions are indexed each year for inflation. The AMT brackets and exemptions are not. So if you have income over $75,000 and have several children, interest deductions from second mortgages, capital gains, high state and local taxes and/or incentive stock options, you could be caught in the AMT web (view the Top Ten Things that Cause AMT Liability).
The 2001 and 2003 Bush tax cuts were actually designed to increase the amount of taxes paid through the AMT; the Tax Policy Center noted that Bush tax policy has "more than doubled the projected share of taxpayers who will face the AMT in 2010, from 16 percent to 33.6 percent" (source). Legislation to fix this nightmare was stalled over "partisan bickering over federal spending, President George W. Bush's tax cuts and the nation's $9 trillion debt" (source). The main source of conflict was the Republicans arguing that there was no need to raise other taxes to make up for revenue losses from providing AMT relief. This is directly against the Democrat's policy of "pay-as-you-go" which requires "that tax cuts and mandatory spending increases be covered by tax increases or spending cuts so as not to add to the deficit" - the Dems wanted the $50 billion* cost of this tax relief to be paid for by "closing a loophole on offshore tax havens" (source). Reluctantly, the Democratic majority, had to concede to the Republican form of the bill because of the certain White House veto of their version.
The bill that passed imposes a temporary fix but doesn't pay for it. And millions are going to be left waiting for their refunds. Be sure to thank your Senator and Representative.
*just for the one year AMT patch. The Center on Budget and Policy Priorities estimates the price for full repeal of the AMT to be $1.2 trillion through 2015 (source).

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